Comparing Rhetoric Styles of Kennedy and Clinton Essay

Looking at Rhetoric Styles of Kennedy and Clinton - Essay Example John F Kennedy and Bill Clinton were not just the best chiefs of American governmental issues in the twentieth century, yet they were two of most noteworthy American speakers too. These two unmistakable pioneers confronted numerous expository issues during their open gatherings. This paper thinks about comparable expository issues looked by Clinton during his tending to in the 1992 American Legion Convention and Kennedy during his discourses to the Houston Ministerial Association in 1960. During his political race discourse on September twelfth, 1960, John F. Kennedy tended to Houston Ministerial Association which comprises of priests from the Protestant people group. Kennedy himself was a firm Roman Catholic adherent and he compelled to talk about his stands on religion. On account of the expanding clashes between the Protestants and Roman Catholics, the Houston Ministerial Association individuals were interested to realize what Kennedy says about religion or the convictions of Prot estants and Roman Catholics. At the end of the day, Kennedy had to take care of the issue; how to maintain his strict conviction without making any put-down the Protestants. Same way Bill Clinton likewise confronted a similar sort of quandary during his discourse in the 1992 American Legion Convention. Clinton was a solid pundit of Vietnam War and he had no military help encounters when he was challenging in the 1992 presidential political race. The overall population had a few worries about Clinton’s capacities in performing great as the president of the United States.... Both Kennedy and Clinton confronted the difficulty of persuading the crowd; something past their demonstrated capacities, values, goals, convictions and so forth. To put it plainly, open inactivity was the basic talk issue looked by Kennedy and Clinton. Latency is the property of an article to remain in its situation until an outside power changes its position. Both Kennedy and Clinton applied the outside power through their discourses to change the convictions of the crowd. I have faith in an America where strict narrow mindedness will sometime end, where all men and all houses of worship are treated as equivalents, where each man has a similar option to join in or not to go to his preferred congregation, where there is no Catholic vote, no enemy of Catholic vote, no coalition casting a ballot of any sort, and where Catholics, Protestants, and Jews, at both the lay and the peaceful levels, will cease from those mentalities of scorn and division which have so regularly defaced their works previously, and advance rather the American perfect of fellowship (Kennedy) Here Kennedy attempts to maintain his confidence in common qualities. He attempts to persuade the open that in a political race, strict convictions and customs have less conspicuousness before the interests of the nation. He has focused on the significance of segregating religion from legislative issues during this discourse. He contended that America ought to never turn into a nation which takes orders from the heads of various religions. He had likewise referenced that any movement against a specific religion or network ought to be treated as the action against the American. As it were, he neither upheld his locale (Roman Catholics) nor he restricted his rival network (Protestants). He has kept up an unbiased methodology about strict convictions all through his talks. Consequently he

Neil Gaimans Writing

Presentation Neil Gaiman is a universally acclaimed English author with a wide scope of comic books, fiction books, and short stories and children’s books to his name. His scholarly style has interested numerous perusers around the globe and thus, he has won various remarkable honors from his artistic work.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Neil Gaiman’s Writing explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More His composing ability is bore witness to by the way that his work has done eminently well over a few classifications of the abstract world. This examination paper is just inspired by his works in the fiction type and will think about the novel, Neverwhere and short stories from Smoke and Mirrors. The examination paper looks to distinguish outside artistic and social effects on Gaiman’s work and build up whether they serve to improve or achieve an absence of innovation in the author’s work. Gaiman’s utilization of Greek Mythology Greek folklore has been broadly utilized by numerous creators from for all intents and purposes all classes of writing and Gaiman isn't a special case. In his novel Neverwhere, Gaiman figures out how to weave components of Greek folklore in the plot. He portrays his principle character, Richard, as a legend in a totally unique style. Exceptional, saints are ordinary of old Greek folklore and Gaiman’s portrayal of Richard appears to pitch him as one. He is undoubtedly an uncommon legend in light of the fact that from the start, he is eager to lose his fiancã © in his undertaking to help the harmed young lady, Door. In spite of carrying on with a nearly non-endurable life not long after Door’s takeoff, when he at last discovers her in ‘London below’, he puts aside the entirety of his inclinations and makes plans to offer some assistance. Richard’s brave nature shows in the excellence of his character, viz. his unflinching dedication and kind heart rather in deeds (Schupbach Para.16). Richard’s fall through the ‘crack’ to ‘London below’ certainly helps one to remember legendary stories in which the sky is the limit. In the London underneath, the talking rodents, the barons, and the beasts in sewers are further occurrences of folklore suggested by Gaiman in this novel. He jumbles, â€Å"Oh yes. Indeed yes-yes†¦I know precisely how to manage him† (Gaiman Neverwhere 69). This was the Lord-Rat-Speaker at his first gathering with Richard. He further portrays the miscreants in the novel as risky professional killers who endure the Trojan War, a war that solitary exists in the profundities of the Greek folklore. It is clear now that Gaiman, in his push to depict how perilous the miscreants were, acquires the possibility of a war that is touted as having been intense. In this way, it is apparent that Gaiman’s style is one that re-appropriates vital data to reinforce th e pictures that he makes while composing. In the short story Chivalry, which is found under the assortment, Smoke advertisement Mirrors, Gaiman insinuates old folklore as a phoenix egg that is brought as a present by Galaad to the elderly person, Mrs. Whitaker, to persuade her to relinquish the Holy Grail (Gaiman Smoke and Mirrors 45).Advertising Looking for examine paper on writing dialects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The choice to utilize the legendary bird’s egg in the short story is by all accounts planned for demonstrating exactly how significant the Holy Grail was and exertion that could be exhausted in wrestling it out of the old woman’s ownership. This exertion goes for the apple of life too as it was a natural product that could just come out of a legendary world. Where Galaad gets the blessings from is covered in puzzle, yet in the long run, he prevails with regards to getting the Holy Grail. Ga iman’s fascination in Greek folklore is further obvious in â€Å"Nicholas Was†¦Ã¢â‚¬  where he appears to delineate Santa Claus in the elderly person, Nicholas. In view of the short story, the torment that the elderly person suffers while providing youngsters with Christmas presents was far much past what Prometheus suffered while carrying out his everlasting punishment. The way that he begrudged Prometheus must imply that his torment was so much that he would have readily exchanged spots with Prometheus whenever given the opportunity. Impact of pixie and people stories on Gaiman’s work Fairy and society stories have affected Gaiman’s function too to a significant degree. In the novel Neverwhere, Richard’s mission to see the heavenly attendant to concede him the capacity to get back to his ordinary life is a model. The presence of a blessed messenger in London beneath is a wonder that must be imagined in fantasies. Along these lines, he consolidate s fairyland prospects with different styles, for example, dream to convey a story that remaining parts scratched in the brains of his perusers for quite a while (Smith 25). The cover of London underneath with fairyland is again seen in Gaiman’s depiction of the midgets, which existed together with the occupants of London beneath. In the short stories remembered for Smoke and Mirrors, the impact of fantasies is seen in ‘Nicholas Was†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ when Gaiman depicts the elderly person so strikingly that when he acquires conveying presents to resting youngsters, it becomes clear that he is discussing Santa Claus. In spite of the fact that the story is extremely short, he figures out how to fit this style and much more others into the accounts. This viewpoint affirms fantasies likewise affected the position that Gaiman’s compositions to some sensible degree. Impact of great English dream writing on Gaiman’s work Gaiman vigorously utilizes exemplary English d ream in the novel Neverwhere, which by and large falls under the class of urban dream novel. The second Richard dives to London beneath, the novel movements from being an ordinary work of fiction to a dream novel. In any case, the distinctive depiction of London underneath is an ideal case of imagination. The creator makes a totally new world right under the roads of London or rather ‘London above’ with a depiction that is practically substantial. The occupants of this new world are likewise manifestations of the author’s imagination.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Neil Gaiman’s Writing explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More They add to the mix of imagination that the writer delineates in the story. They are individuals finished with all that they require to live their lives and are totally neglectful of the potential outcomes of carrying on with an actual existence other than the one they have in their reality. Door’s vanishing to this world in the wake of showing signs of improvement is a reasonable pointer that she couldn't have cared less much about the solaces that life in ‘London above’ could offer. Richard’s change from his ordinary self to this other individual, who didn't exist to others around him, was one more result of the author’s creative mind. The way that an individual can exist yet be scarcely seen by all individuals around him/her gives the feeling that s/he may have been undetectable yet s/he sees them and thinks s/he is in a similar domain with them. This equivalent presentation of imagination is seen in Chivalry when the creator alludes to the Holy Grail and all the significance joined to it yet to Mrs. Whitaker, it is simply a thing that adds excellence to her home (Marcus Para.12). Galaad’s outings to no one knows where and his arrival with the various things to assuage the old woman to give him the Holy Grail additionally appe ars to realize a component of imagination in the short story. It can't be clarified how he could get to things, which just existed in antiquated Greek folklore, in his human instinct. Also, the things could do precisely information exchanged of them, which is somewhat alluded to when Mrs. Whitaker contacts the various things and understands that she in a split second feels extraordinary. Impact of mash fiction on Gaiman’s composing Gaiman in his composing additionally insinuates mash fiction particularly in Neverwhere when he makes a young lady whom Richard ends up ready to help under whatever conditions. The possibility of a legend endeavoring to spare a woman discovers its underlying foundations in mash fiction. This perception implies that when Richard sets out on perilous undertakings in spite of the fact that with some component of reluctance or uncertainty about his craving to help, Gaiman is acquiring from mash fiction. Richard helps the young lady in ‘London abo ve’ and it costs him so much, yet proceeds to help in ‘London below’ where his capacity to help is profoundly questioned by Door herself. He in the long run develops as a one of a kind legend not in deeds, however from his perspective and his impression of all that they experienced. At last, he doesn't begin to look all starry eyed at Door the same number of would have expected and this component adds to his uniqueness as a legend in the story. End crafted by Neil Gaiman will keep on intrigueing numerous who run over them since they are a result of a sharp mix of various styles of composing mixed with the author’s one of a kind composing style.Advertising Searching for examine paper on writing dialects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Gaiman’s way to deal with composing could undoubtedly be thought of as ailing in innovation, yet generally, the various inferences made to different sources serve to make the impacts he wants without utilizing a ton of words. Unmistakably, the impact that different works of writing have on Gaiman’s work serves to improve it as opposed to dilute it. He is an incredible author. Works Cited Gaiman, Neil. Neverwhere, New York City: Harper Collins Publisher, 1997. Print. Gaiman, Neil. Deliberate misdirection, New York City: Avon, 1999. Print. Marcus, Richard. Book Review: Smoke And Mirrors: Short Fictions and Illusions by Neil Gaiman, 2008

Understanding and Optimizing Your Sales Leads

Understanding and Optimizing Your Sales Leads Leads or Sales Leads are one of the most integral parts of a sales process and are used to refer to a number of sales prospects or opportunities that are currently present for a business. In spite of the importance of sales leads as well as the importance of their generation and optimization, most businesses do not give much weight to them.To say the least, these are the Sales Leads that determine the conversions as well as the probability of profit for a firm and hence must be seriously considered and understood by all business owners and entrepreneurs. © Shutterstock.com | Olivier Le MoalIn this article, we shall focus on 1) what sales leads are, what is their importance and how can one optimize them to move towards success; 2) generating sales leads; 3) optimizing sales leads; and 4) tools for generating sales leads.WHAT ARE SALES LEADS?The term ‘sales leads’ refers to those prospective customers or clients who showcase a certain interest in your product or service and offer some contact information to remain in the loop of things. For example, if you own a website for your business and a visitor signs up for newsletters or creates an account, then he/she can be referred to as a lead. Another example of a Sales Lead is someone filling up a web form after being introduced to a business during a conference or fair.There are many ways for businesses to gain access to sales leads, and some of these ways are trade shows, advertising, online marketing, and other forms of marketing as well as direct mailing. Sales leads can also be purchased through third-party companies. But it is important to understand that these leads do not always guarantee sales since they are just a proof of user interest, and this interest may reduce if he/she is not properly convinced or pursued.GENERATING SALES LEADSNow that you know what sales leads are, the next step for you to understand is how to generate these leads. There is no doubt about the fact that generation and accumulation of sales leads improve chances of sales and hence improves the overall probability of profits, which is of course the ultimate aim of all businesses around the world. Thus, one must have a few tips up his sleeve as far as methods to generate sales leads is concerned. These days, there is a lot of buzz around social media as one of the potential methods to gain leads and is sure one of the best platforms to attract more potential customers. But besides that, there are a number of other methods that work well. Let’s look into some of the best ways to generate sales leads:1) Using valuable content you producedOne of the first and most effective ways to generate sales leads is to provide users with a top level and highly engaging content. It is a fact that businesses or companies that produce informative, educational, useful and high-quality content are likely to generate more leads and hence do more business. If any user or potential customers who visits your website or reads your brochure comes across substandard content with grammatical mistakes or a poorly framed structure, then he/she will definitely be put off and may not be motivated to leave his/her contact information. Some of the ways to offer helpful information include website content, blogs, case studies, demos, eBooks, Whitepapers, and videos, etc. The following are some aspects of this method of generating leads:Try different formats of content The first way to generate leads through content is to offer as many different formats of content as possible. Some of the formats that you can offer include infographics, Podcasts, Newsletter, website content, blogs, Demos, Videos, LinkedIn publishing, Social Media articles and others. The more the methods you have to offer, the more will be the chances of generating leads.Articles, guest posts Another effective way to use content as a way of generating leads is to offer your visitors blogs, articles, guest posts and other write ups. Where guest posts on one hand help users take opinions of existing customers on the business’s products, articles may help describe the products or services offered. While using these content methods, special attention must be paid to SEO writing.Podcasting Sharing information in an oral or verbal format is also a superb way to draw in more potential customers to yourself and Podcasts are surely a great tool for this. Set up audio files or develop an audio radio to keep your prospects hooked and well informed.Infographics Infographics are superb tools to generate lead s since they offer information with the help of images placed together in an attractive or visually appealing manner.EBooks Remember that most customers want to be informed rather than being wooed to buy your products. For this purpose, eBooks act as one of the best ways to offer information. Use this tool to offer a neutral perspective and see sales grow.Webinars Webinars offer you a way to reach out to a wide audience in the most inexpensive way and provide them with useful information. For example, you can ask attendees to visit your website, sign up for newsletters or check out your blogs.Engaging Videos Another way to share content and information is through videos. Of course, commercials are a good way to do so but if not created properly, they can prove to be a disaster and may have a negative impact on your business. However, creating or developing interesting and witty videos about your products and services can quickly circulate and go viral, thus leading to the generat ion of leads.2) Using Social Media: Linkedin, Twitter, Facebook, etc.There is absolutely no doubt about the fact that social media or marketing is one of the best ways to talk about your product, reach out to a large audience and promote your product or service without spending a hefty amount. If you are interested in the generation of leads through social media, then some effective platforms that you can use are LinkedIn, Twitter, and Facebook. You can use Twitter to utilize hashtags so that anyone interested in your product or service can easily find it. Facebook can be used to create Pages for promoting your business and giving users a way to know about you and reach you. Research work has shown that traffic from LinkedIn was associated with the generation of the highest visitor to lead conversion rate. Thus, you can also make use of this platform to gain leads from IT companies and professional service firms.3) Using Offline events like Conferences, Team ups, trade shows, etc.An other great way to generate sales leads is through offline events and happenings like team ups, conferences, trade shows and media coverage, etc. Networking events like these still continue to be one of the best ways to draw prospects towards your business and its services. These events help you generate interest, engage unlikely customers, remain in the public eye and keep the world informed about updates in your products and services. You get to meet more contacts, expand your network and gain referrals through events like these. Conferences and trade shows are a superb way to build your brand and distribute your business cards. Industry events give you public recognition and are a way to reach out to hundreds of people at the same time.4) Creating a highly informative websiteBesides social marketing and Blogs, another way to make sure your potential customers can reach you and convert is to create a highly informative and engaging website. Hire a good web designers or developer t o come up with a smooth, easy to navigate and informative website that has a superb design, the right use of colors and several ways for the customer to leave his/her contact information. There must be a way visitors can sign up, a request for newsletters, shop and contact you on the website.OPTIMIZING SALES LEADSSales leads, as explained above are crucial for a company’s existence. Besides the generation of sales leads, another process that is highly important to ensure the conversion is the optimization of these sales leads. Once the leads are flowing in, soon it becomes apparent that there is a lot more to achieving success in terms of profits than just the large in-flow of leads. It is highly important to optimize these leads since this is what ultimately drives the sales and acts as a marketing funnel. There are several ways to do so, but the following are a few steps that can genuinely help. So read on to find out more.Step #1: Analyze your sales leads conversion rates usin g lead scoringThe first step that can help you optimize your sales leads is the analysis of the leads as well as the evaluation of the conversion rates using the process of lead scoring. The process of lead scoring must be incorporated into the lead generation strategy of the company so that when the scores are used or applied, the marketer can spot those potential customers who are closest to conversion. This process also helps to know about the prospects who require a little more work to convert. But to make sure that lead scoring doesn’t prove to be very time-consuming, it is important to club it with a robust marketing automation platform.Step #2: Focus on optimizing sales leads in the areas with the biggest potentialThe next step to optimize your sales leads is to look for the opportune times or the areas with the highest potential. This means that sales persons must look to focus their efforts or strategies on prospects that are closest to making the purchase or closing the deal. This will help ensure that quality sales prospects do not get lost in the process and do not get turned away. One of the best ways to nurture potential leads is to make use of sales automation tools that are also beneficial in decreasing the churn rates. It is a fact that at the beginning of their research, a business may have very few prospects but the faster the business gets in touch, the faster the deal will be finalized.Step #3: Start optimizing your sales leadsThe next step is to start the process of optimizing your sales leads. There are many ways to do so, but the following are a few of the most effective ones:Making your marketing message more clear: One of the best ways to work on the optimization of your sales leads is to come up with a marketing message that is not only highly specific but also very clear. It must be intriguing enough and should be able to generate interest. Only when the audiences are intrigued, will they be drawn to your product and will try to r each you or contact you.Re-Work your call-to-action message to be very compelling: Another way to do so is to work upon your call-to-action statement or message. A user or visitor visits several websites in a day and comes across many call-to-action statements. But unless he/she comes across something different and compelling, he/she may not really click on it and take an action. You need to convince these visitors why your product or service is better and that too in a brief yet effective way. Also, make sure that your call-to-action statement is visible on all your web pages.Start freemium model by sharing your best content for free in the initial stage: If you ask users to pay to view your information or content initially, then you may not be able to draw a large number of prospects. But, on the other hand, if you follow the freemium model and share your best content for free of cost during the initial stages, then that may help to optimize leads. You can offer your free premium content through EBooks, PowerPoint Presentations, and detailed PDF documents, etc.Optimize your web appearance SEO: The visual appeal and SEO strength of your content to play an important role in optimization of the sales leads. Thus, make sure that you work on the web design, colors, fonts and other aspects of visual attributes of your website. Also, concentrate on SEO-friendly content to feature among the top search results on search engines.Other ways to optimize your sales leads: Some of the other effective ways to optimize your sales leads include optimization of your sales marketing program, improving your online display campaigns, working upon your pay per click campaigns, improving your social media ads and optimization of your landing page and conversion rate.Step #4: Track your improvements by measuring ROIOne of the most crucial and integral measuring tools that companies use during the process of lead optimization is the ROI or Return on Investments. It is important to keep track on ROI and monitor it regularly to know the various stats, figures and trends observed as far as the returns are concerned. The results thus obtained can also help you speed up the process of sales pipeline and close more deals in a relatively shorter period of time.Feel free to go through the following presentation to learn more about lead generation.[slideshare id=16190827doc=lead-generation-ebook-130126080350-phpapp02w=640h=330]TOOLS FOR GENERATING SALES LEADSBesides following the above-given methods of lead generation, there are some tools that can prove handy and may help you do the job faster and in a more convenient way. The following is a list of the various top tools for generation sales leads:Marketo Marketo is marketing automation software that is a tool that helps generate quality leads and generate sales. The starting price to use this service is $1000 per month. What this platform does is that it captures leads, automates demand generation and is available on demand without any up-front fees.Pipedrive This is a popular lead management tool for startups and small teams who wish to push through their sales pipelines and helps to make sure that your connect or contact with your prospects is not dropped.LeadSquared This is a customer acquisition platform that helps your business to land more leads and win more customers. The platform enables you to organize your lead capture system and conduct an analysis of potential lead sources. You need to pay a starting price of $125 per month to use this service.Hubspot Inbound Marketing This is yet another lead generation platform that helps you monitor your presence on social networking websites and other such portals so that you can generate leads on such marketing tools. This platform converts web traffic into customers and leads and is available for $295 per month.Myphoner This platform offers a superior workflow for lead tracking as well as cold calling and is integrated with over 300 apps that help you add functionality to your already existing systems. This service is available for just $9.88 per month and per user.

Analysis of Moral Development in Young Children Essay

This paper is written to examine various influences on the moral development of young children. Specifically, the paper will speak to the definition of moral development, the views held by educators Piaget and Kohlberg on this area of development in young children and the application of moral development theories by Early Childhood Educators. Theories posited by Sigmund Freud with regards to the psychological development of children in the early childhood arena will be discussed as well. Suggestions for parents on supporting the moral development of their children will also be addressed. Moral Development is defined as â€Å"changes in thoughts, feelings and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong† (Santrock, 2010). Moral development†¦show more content†¦His personality is affected by the rules that he observes being followed in society and the superego is formed as a sort of â€Å"Jiminy Cricket† or conscience to help him determine what is right and wrong based on these observations. Third is the ego. The ego is the mediator. In the ego is hopefully found a balance of what one wants to do with what one ought to do. Without full development of all three facets of personality as theorized by Sigmund Freud, appropriate and moderate behavior cannot be achieved. The ego is different from the other two facets in that it is a subconscious and conscious operator, as well as a preconscious operator. This means that the ego is always in place, whether or not the person on whom the ego is acting is aware (Goldwater, 2010). As stages in psychological development have been defined by Freud, stages in moral development have been outlined by early educators Jean Piaget and Kohlberg, who put forth differing views on the moral development of children. Piaget theorized that children process morals in stages, first one then the next, with a transition in between. The first stage (from ages 4 to about 7) is referred to as â€Å"heteronymous morality†, where children think of rules as constants, that is to say, rules are part of the world’s makeup with no input or possibility of change by people. As children progress from seven to ten years of age, they move from one stage to the next, maintaining some of the traits of theShow MoreRelatedTV To Blame For Rising Violence Essay examples932 Words   |  4 Pagespolice chief an article taken from the Times on 28th June 2002. The article describes how the content of what young people are watching of television is responsible for rises in criminal behaviours amongst young people. One assumption is that young people are susceptible to the influence of television. In the article Matthew Baggott, the deputy chief constable states of young people, `They are very vulnerable to the influences of the media. nbsp;This influence is bet shown in the famousRead MoreErickson s Theory Of Moral Development1537 Words   |  7 PagesMultiple Choice Directions: Read each question thoroughly and circle the correct answer that best answers the question. 1. Which stage of Erickson’s Theory of Psychosocial development describes when adolescents are figuring out who they are? During this stage adolescents struggle with questions such as what is and what isn’t are important to, what are their values, and who will they become when they grow up? a. Initiative vs Guilt b. Trust vs Misrust c. Integrity vs Despair This is a knowledgeRead MoreAnalysis And Application Of Early Childhood Developmental Psychology878 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis and Application Concepts and theories are applied in early childhood developmental psychology to explain why our legal system is justified in ruling that young children are not responsible for criminal actions. Biological, cognitive, emotional and moral development plays an integral part in the early development of a child’s brain maturity. Biological Argument(s) A child’s brain is very delicate during the early developmental years, especially between ages 2 and 6. Although the brain isRead MoreUnderstanding Childhood Development Is Essential1236 Words   |  5 Pages Understanding childhood development is essential because it allows us to fully recognize the cognitive, physical, emotional, social, and educational growth that a child goes through from birth to adulthood. Throughout history, many theorists and researchers have developed and proposed theories that are used today as an attempt to describe each aspect of growth and development. A stage-to-stage approach focuses on the different age groups and what is often to be expected through each phase. Read MoreMoral And Social Developments Of Children1337 Words   |  6 PagesThe moral and social developments of children in their first years of life are critical. Children go through many stages that influence their lives such as family, school, friends and technologic or the m edia. During infancy, children learn from the people around them to recognize the good and bad in this way begin to form their idea of morality. Researchers like as Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg carefully studied moral reasoning of children and girls. Both agree that moral development progressesRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Jean Piaget And John Dewey1387 Words   |  6 Pagesdetermine moral righteousness. Using his experience as a war veteran, he created mock simulations where one needed to choose between two distinct options. Kohlberg used these simulations, known as moral dilemmas, to observe the differences in answers he received. Subsequently, he was able to arrange the responses into various phases to determine stages of morality. Lawrence Kohlberg’s studies on the stages of moral development have opened doors to the classifying of moralities. A moral dilemma involvesRead MoreKohlberg s Theory Of Moral Development And Moral Maturity Essay1305 Words   |  6 Pagesstages of moral development and participated actively in the development of the fields of moral psychology and moral education. Kohlberg was especially inspired by Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist who created the theory of cognitive development. Mark Baldwin, John Dewey, and George Herbert Mead also influenced his thinking (Barger, 2000; Encyclopedia of Education, 2002). In this paper, I will analyze in-depth Kohlberg’s theory and discuss an article that uses Kohlberg’s theory to foster moral courageRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie I Am Sam 1515 Words   |  7 Pages I Am Sam: A Psychological Film Analysis Patrick M. Mead Fort Mill High School I Am Sam: A Psychological Film Analysis The difficulties faced today in society by those with serious intellectual disabilities are very large hurdles faced by many in today s world. These disabilities along with the pressure to remain independent question how we deal with those intellectually challenged individuals. The film, I Am Sam details the struggle of Sam Dawson- a man living with mild intellectualRead MoreFreuds Contributions To The Field of Psychology Essay example1161 Words   |  5 Pagesresided within his interpretation of dreams through a method he called dream analysis. Each aspect of his studies and theories attempt to identify the reason behind human behavior. Freud graduated with a degree in medicine from the University of Vienna, Austria. Soon after, he mapped the geography of the human psyche, and began working with severely disturbed patients. Through extremely intense self-analysis, Freud concurred that repressed desires were the source of emotional disturbancesRead MorePublic Incidents As A Moral Panic1227 Words   |  5 PagesSince the early-2010s, debate around the sexualisation of children has instigated much social alarm. A number of media articles (Cameron 2010; Critchley 2009; Doherty 2011; Kermond 2012, Jones Cuneo 2009; Snow 2013; Tuohy 2012) have depicted the sexualisation of children as a prevailing social matter which accentuate concepts represented in moral panic discourse. In everyday practices of reporting public and social events, moral panic frequently becomes elicited by society’s mass mediated exaggeration

Macbeths Tragic Downfall in William Shakespeares Macbeth...

Macbeths Tragic Downfall in William Shakespeares Macbeth William Shakespeare wrote the play Macbeth is 1606. Shakespeare adds a supernatural dimension that deliberately conspires against Macbeth and his kingdom. The protagonist was lured to murder the king Duncan, by the desire for power, an appetite whetted by the witches prophecies and his wifes encouragement. All characters made an impact on Macbeths life and therefore all contributed to his downfall, especially these five people, the witches, Lady Macbeth, and Macbeth himself. Shakespeare creates an air of mystery around the characters to captivate the listeners and make them think people arent what they really are. From†¦show more content†¦With this in mind she starts to apply force onto him, and becomes much more power crazy. In the time it takes the attendant to leave in Act 1 Scene 5, and Macbeth to arrive, Lady Macbeth does a very unexpected thing. Although there is no direct evidence that she is a witch, she mutters morbid demands similar to a spell, to make herself a more cruel person. Come you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here As she may be portrayed as a forth witch in the text, the atmosphere created around her when producing this play would have to change a lot. For example when she is will Caroline Appleby 11y company she should be dressed very elegantly as she has to be respected. But when her alto ego comes into play, the lighting should become dark and mysterious to reflect her other side, and her clothes more depressing and witch like. The scenery placed around her on stage would have to be diminutive and simplistic, so it could be overpowered by her dominant figure and personality, making her appears different from her usual self. Lady Macbeth would possibly be a very beautiful person, as she could use her beauty and innocent features to manipulate her husband. She believes he has too kind a nature to kill. With this in mind, she coerces him into killing Duncan by threatening his self-esteem. Art thou afeard To be the same in thine own act and valour, AsShow MoreRelatedDefining a Hero in Shakespeares Macbeth1308 Words   |  5 Pagesone typically defines a tragic hero, he or she may claim that it is a hero of high class that possesses unprecedented courage and exceedingly strength; thus, a hero who also suffers a calamity of their own downfall and ultimate death through their tragic flaw. Their downfall not only causes infliction on oneself, but also inflicts the society. This can be seen and heavily stressed through William Shakespeare’s tragedy, Macbeth. In his play, the reader comes across Macbeth, a noble and honorable heroRead MoreMacbeth: The Tragic Hero Essay1026 Words   |  5 Pages In William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Macbeth is a classic example of a tragic hero who is constantly struggling with his fate. In the opening scene of the play Macbeth receives a prophecy from three witches. They proclaim that he will be the thane of Cawdor. He responds by saying, â€Å"By Sinel’s death I know that I am thane of Glamis/ but how of Cawdor†(I, iii, 70-73)? At first, he does not realize to earn this title what he must do, but when he realizes he is taken aback. His bewilderment prefiguresRead MoreEssay on Shakespeares Macbeth is a Tragic Hero956 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth is a Tragic Hero  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeares tragic hero is a man of noble birth who falls from a position of honor and respect due to a flaw in his character. He freely chooses a course of action which ultimately causes him suffering and brings him to a fatal end.(Campbell 129) Macbeth is the epitome of a tragic hero who rises high then falls rock bottom to his death. Macbeth, once a noble man, follows the advice of witches, finds himself King, abuses his power and then gets killedRead More Aristotles Tragic Hero in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay examples1044 Words   |  5 PagesAristotles Tragic Hero in Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚   Aristotle and Shakespeare lived ages apart, but Aristotle had a great affect on Shakespeares plays. In Shakespeare’s tragic play, Macbeth, the character of Macbeth is consistent with Aristotles definition of the tragic hero.    Aristotles tragic hero is a man who is characterized by good and evil. He is a mixture of good characteristics and bad characteristics. For example, Macbeth was an honorable Thane of Glamis. He was a valiant fighterRead MoreMacbeth Tragic Hero Analysis989 Words   |  4 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, there is an excellent example of a tragic hero. The main character, Macbeth, has a very long downward spiral throughout the drama, ultimately ending in his death and label of a tragic hero. Macbeth’s character development throughout the tragedy goes from a noble, loyal soldier to the king, all the way to a murdered villain. Macbeth’s character development in the first act is a very sudden downward spiral. At the beginning of act I, Macbeth is loyal and committedRead MoreMacbeth : An Ideal Model For A Shakespearean Tragic Hero810 Words   |  4 PagesThe character Macbeth is an ideal model for a Shakespearean tragic hero. He was known as victorious and powerful, yet within, he was ambitious and cowardice. Macbeth’s ambition ends up slowly tearing him down and destroying him by the end of the play. â€Å"Take a good man, a noble man, a man admired by all who know him – and destroy him, not only physically and emotionally, as the greeks destroyed their heroes, but also morally and intellectually.† (Booth, 17). Between the witches’ prophecies, Lady Macbeth’sRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth749 Words   |  3 Pages1. Macbeth, the tragic hero in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, suffers from the fatal flaws of insecurity and indecision, allowing him to easi ly be manipulated, which causes the audience to feel sympathetic toward him. After Macbeth has heard the prophecy from the three witches and he has been named thane of Cawdor, he is led to a strong internal conflict: â€Å"If good, why do I yield to that suggestion / Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair†¦ / Shakes so my single state of man that function / is smother’dRead MoreSupernatural Soliciting Within Shakespeare s Macbeth1728 Words   |  7 PagesNovember 6th, 2017 Supernatural Soliciting within Shakespeare s Macbeth Shakespeare’s Macbeth is broadly known as a cursed play by a myriad of individuals globally. Given its appalling history of death and disorder, as well as the supernatural elements present within the play, many have come to the latter conclusion. To add, Macbeth is also a tragedy, adding more malediction to the already allegedly accursed play. To create such a tragic, ill-fated play, Shakespeare uses a vast variety of supernaturalRead MoreEssay on Shakespeares Macbeth as Tragic Hero623 Words   |  3 PagesShakespeares Macbeth as Tragic Hero      Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeares Macbeth follows the journey of nobleman Macbeth that starts with him as Thane of Glamis and ends with him as King of Scotland. Macbeth is a tragic hero because he possesses all the traits that Aristotle outlined in his poetics. He said that the tragic hero must be a man that is higher than mortal worth, but has tragic flaws. Aristotle also stated that the flaws will lead to great suffering and usually death; the cause being fateRead More macbeth as a tragic hero Essay823 Words   |  4 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A Shakespearean tragic hero starts out as a noble person; a great exceptional being who stands out. A tragic hero has a tragic flaw of an exaggerated trait that leads to their downfall and eventually to death. William Shakespeare often made his main characters tragic heroes in his plays. In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the role of the tragic hero is given to the main character: Macbeth. This is because he starts off as a loyal and well li ked man in the beginning, but has a tragic flaw of ambition which

Compensation Philosophy Free Essays

The short term lending industry has been one of great scrutiny for many years. It has been well known the controversy of whether these businesses hurt or help the middle class. But what no one ever talks about are the employees that work in this industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Compensation Philosophy or any similar topic only for you Order Now When these businesses are shut down state to state, it is not just the borrowers that are affected and left with no way to pay their bills, but also the lives and financial security of employees that are lost as well. Current Compensation Philosophy Advance America is a leader in the payday loan and short term lending industry. Let’s look at the compensation philosophy for different levels of employment, nonexempt hourly, non exempt salary and officers and executives. Nonexempt hourly employees are nonunion and are paid above market, nonexempt salaried employees are paid at market and officers and executives are paid above market. At Advance America, all employees that are center level managers and lower are hourly employees. The Average wage for center managers is between $10. 08 and $20. 73 per hour (www. payscale. com). The average wage for customer service representatives is between $7. 83 and $13. 91 per hour (www. ayscale. com). Advance America is not known for hiring part time employees due to scheduling. Advance America requires center level employees to be available from 8am-8pm everyday and provide their own reliable transportation (www. advanceamerica. net). The hourly employees have a variety of benefits, health, dental, vision, 401k, Paid time off, The next level of employment is the divisional and regional directors of operations. These employees are salaried and receive an average salary of $49,000 to $60,000 for Divisional Director and $118,000 to $126,000 for Regional Director (glassdoor. om). The executives, like many organizations, see the biggest increase in wage, CEO, John Patrick O’Shaughnessy for 2011, received a total compensation package of $2,992,791, $1,080,673 of which as core and bonus compensation (www. businessweek. com). Mr. O’Shaughnessy also received stock options, legally required benefits and discretionary benefits. â€Å"At the core of our compensation philosophy, our programs were designed to attract, motivate, reward, and retain managemen t talent in order to achieve increased stockholder value within a highly competitive industry. Our compensation philosophy was also focused on aligning the financial interests of management with our stockholders† (Advance America, SEC, 2012). Ways to Enhance Current Philosophy (Key Factors- Internal and External; mission and strategic focus, financial and cultural resources) The Primary principle of a well defined compensation philosophy is the objective of â€Å"compensation plans that enhance shareholder value† (Hodak, 2011). â€Å"The specific goals that satisfy this basic objective are essentially the same for every company:† (Hodak, 2011) 1. ) â€Å"To attract and retain the talent needed by the company to create value† (Hodak, 2011); 2. â€Å"To reward, and thereby motivate, that talent for sustainable value creation; and† (Hodak, 2011) 3. ) â€Å"To meet the company’s attraction and alignment objectives at the lowest reasonable cost to the shareholders† (Hodak, 2011). Advance America can meet these goals through conducting a strategic analysis and compensation survey (Martocchio, 2011). External key factors â€Å"include industry profile, information about competitors, and long-term growth prospects† (Martocchio, 2011). Internal key factors include â€Å"financial condition and functional capabilities† through marketing and human resources (Martocchio, 2011). All core compensation plans and bonus compensation plans are performance based (Advance America, SEC, 2012). â€Å"Compensation at all levels within Advance America is based primarily on a qualitative assessment of performance and long term variables, such as title and associated responsibilities, tenure with us, compliance with our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, maintaining regulatory compliance objectives, maintaining and upholding our commitment to responsible industry practices and customer satisfaction, and management’s assessment of market levels of ompensation. Our incentive programs had maximum incentive opportunities that were consistent with competitive market practices† (Advance America, SEC, 2012). Conclusion Advance America operates on a performance based commission and bonus plan structure. Advance America does not sell customer accounts or customer information to 3rd parties unless the account is severly overdue, because of this, the majority of ori ginated customer advances result in a performance based compensation. More specifically for the center level hourly employees, their performance based compensation is tied to the center volume for which to operate, this compensation results in their base pay and multiple bonus opportunities. This performance based compensation plan allows Advance America to attract, motivate, reward, and maintain valuable employees. How to cite Compensation Philosophy, Papers

Police Brutality Analysis Essay Example For Students

Police Brutality Analysis Essay This is one of those controversial topics, where it becomes very difficult to choose one side or the other, both having valid arguments to sustain their claims. Any police brutality argumentative essay writer will find it hard keeping an objective view, seeing as the use of disproportionate force is an action derived from a subjective interpretation of a stressful situation. Outline1 Introduction2   Ã‚  Enabling the use of violence by law enforcement3 Ways to monitor and establish accountability4 Conclusion Introduction Police brutality is considered a case of misconduct on behalf of police officers who either use a strong inappropriate language or excessive physical abuse in situations that do not deem necessary such a way to act. Besides the inappropriate behavior itself, the main concern is that this conduct could outline some other structural issues such as corruption that could lead to false arrests and possibly even political involvement or worst case scenario, political repression. Our thesis statement is focused on the causes of this phenomenon, what can be done to monitor better the use of excessive force and ways to avert it or take accountability.   Ã‚  Enabling the use of violence by law enforcement There are a series of well-argued articles on how this sort of demeanor is enabled, even encouraged, and some of the causes revealed in these research, are: Racial profiling is the cause that stands out the most. It is the belief, based on one’s biased misconceptions, that some race representatives are more predisposed to do crime than others. Unfortunately, there are countless situations where law enforcement agents targeted members of these vulnerable groups, simply based on their membership, without any other proof of misconduct from the specific individual. Closely related to the racial profiling that police officers do is the way that the general public perceives the situation. If the general opinion is one that condones the use of excessive force, then the officers will feel no pressure to change their conduct. The passivity of witnesses also justifies the spread of this phenomenon. Passers-by tend to ignore when police brutality happens in their vicinity, even if it is oriented against more vulnerable groups, such as youngsters, women or elders, mostly out of fear that the same could happen to them if they intervened. The so-called â€Å"code of silence†, that officers of the law usually keep, meaning that they wouldn’t inform on the use of disproportionate force by any fellow policeman, based on a misinterpreted sense of collegial principle. Getting used to seeing reports on police brutality on the news, treading them lightly instead of feeling revolted, or simply ignoring them, as they seem to happen on a day-to-day basis. Ways to monitor and establish accountability When thinking about the problem solution debate, the constantly increased level of police brutality can’t be stopped other than by law enforcement administrative and regular citizens working together and imposing some alterations to the existing system: Instating laws that specify more severe punishments for those who are proven to make use of police brutality, disciplinary actions or even lawsuits. On the opposite side, for exemplary officers, a rewards system should be put in place, the idea is to motivate them to change their behavior towards potential suspects. Focus on the management of reducing stress in the workplace, as well as psychological aid for those policemen that deal with life and death situations on a regular basis. A thorough screening of recruits, as to observe racism manifestations, as well as a more focused training on how to objectively apply the law. An informative speech addressed to the general public, designed to make them aware of their own view on racial profiling and the way to overcome these biased stereotypes. Educating the community, especially those from vulnerable groups, on the rights they have, the measures to be taken against those that apply disproportionate force and the responsibilities towards others that went through similar circumstances. The media plays, as always, an important part in revealing situations that unrequired brutality has been used, as well as those cases that the policemen have gone unpunished. Cameras and different recording devices have been used to catch on the tape such cases, but as long as this evidence can be easily refuted and justice still refuses to punish those guilty of police brutality, they become rather useless. .uc77cf90401163e75a7685e0a31c64a58 , .uc77cf90401163e75a7685e0a31c64a58 .postImageUrl , .uc77cf90401163e75a7685e0a31c64a58 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc77cf90401163e75a7685e0a31c64a58 , .uc77cf90401163e75a7685e0a31c64a58:hover , .uc77cf90401163e75a7685e0a31c64a58:visited , .uc77cf90401163e75a7685e0a31c64a58:active { border:0!important; } .uc77cf90401163e75a7685e0a31c64a58 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc77cf90401163e75a7685e0a31c64a58 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc77cf90401163e75a7685e0a31c64a58:active , .uc77cf90401163e75a7685e0a31c64a58:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc77cf90401163e75a7685e0a31c64a58 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc77cf90401163e75a7685e0a31c64a58 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc77cf90401163e75a7685e0a31c64a58 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc77cf90401163e75a7685e0a31c64a58 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc77cf90401163e75a7685e0a31c64a58:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc77cf90401163e75a7685e0a31c64a58 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc77cf90401163e75a7685e0a31c64a58 .uc77cf90401163e75a7685e0a31c64a58-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc77cf90401163e75a7685e0a31c64a58:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Analysis of Artwork and Techniques EssayConclusion Stating that all police officers are prone to use force in excess is the same thing as saying that all black people are drug dealers or all Arab ethnics are terrorists. In the end, it’s all about where you draw the line in terms of good and bad. But, in order to extinguish these widespread incidents from happening, there has to be a productive collaboration between the authorities, the agents that apply the law, the general public and the media.

Federal Reserve and the Role of Money in It

Chemical Elements Listed by Density

Chemical Elements Listed by Density This is a list of the chemical elements according to increasing density (g/cm3) measured at standard temperature and pressure (100.00 kPa and zero degrees Celsius). As you would expect, the first elements in the list are gases. The  densest gas element is either radon (monatomic), xenon (which forms Xe2 rarely), or possibly Oganesson (element 118).  Oganesson may, however, be a liquid at room temperature and pressure. Under ordinary conditions, the least dense element is hydrogen, while the  densest  element is either osmium or iridium. Some of the superheavy radioactive elements are believed to have even higher density values than osmium or iridium, but not enough of them has been produced to perform measurements. Elements From Least to Most Dense Hydrogen 0.00008988Helium 0.0001785Neon 0.0008999Nitrogen 0.0012506Oxygen 0.001429Fluorine 0.001696Argon 0.0017837Chlorine 0.003214Krypton 0.003733Xenon 0.005887Radon 0.00973Lithium 0.534Potassium 0.862Sodium 0.971Rubidium 1.532Calcium 1.54Magnesium 1.738Phosphorus 1.82Beryllium 1.85Francium 1.87Caesium 1.873Sulfur 2.067Carbon 2.267Silicon 2.3296Boron 2.34Strontium 2.64Aluminium 2.698Scandium 2.989Bromine 3.122Barium 3.594Yttrium 4.469Titanium 4.540Selenium 4.809Iodine 4.93Europium 5.243Germanium 5.323Radium 5.50Arsenic 5.776Gallium 5.907Vanadium 6.11Lanthanum 6.145Tellurium 6.232Zirconium 6.506Antimony 6.685Cerium 6.770Praseodymium 6.773Ytterbium 6.965Astatine ~7Neodymium 7.007Zinc 7.134Chromium 7.15Promethium 7.26Tin 7.287Tennessine 7.1-7.3 (predicted)Indium 7.310Manganese 7.44Samarium 7.52Iron 7.874Gadolinium 7.895Terbium 8.229Dysprosium 8.55Niobium 8.570Cadmium 8.69Holmium 8.795Cobalt 8.86Nickel 8.912Copper 8.933Erbium 9.066Polonium 9.32Thulium 9.321Bismuth 9.807Moscovium 9.807Lu tetium 9.84Lawrencium 9.84Actinium 10.07Molybdenum 10.22Silver 10.501Lead 11.342Technetium 11.50Thorium 11.72Thallium 11.85Nihonium 11.85Palladium 12.020Ruthenium 12.37Rhodium 12.41Livermorium 12.9 (predicted)Hafnium 13.31Einsteinium 13.5 (Estimate)Curium 13.51Mercury 13.5336Americium 13.69Flerovium 14 (predicted)Berkelium 14.79Californium 15.10Protactinium 15.37Tantalum 16.654Rutherfordium 18.1Uranium 18.95Tungsten 19.25Gold 19.282Roentgenium 19.282Plutonium 19.84Neptunium 20.25Rhenium 21.02Platinum 21.46Darmstadtium 21.46Osmium 22.610Iridium 22.650Seaborgium 35 (Estimate)Meitnerium 35 (Estimate)Bohrium 37 (Estimate)Dubnium 39 (Estimate)Hassium 41 (Estimate)Fermium UnknownMendelevium UnknownNobelium UnknownCopernicium (Element 112) unknown Estimated Density Note that many values listed above are estimates or calculations. Even for elements with known densities, the value measured depends on the form or allotrope of the element. For example, the density of pure carbon in diamond form is different from its density in graphite form.

Synthesis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Synthesis paper - Essay Example Thus, it is offering adequate training to the managers on how to motivate employees, that forms the core of establishing a culture of employee motivation (Musselwhite, 2011). This article simply focuses on the role of managers as the ultimate siource of employee motivation within a firm. Similarly, A Dose of Positive Reinforcement Can Go a Long Way by Nelson; is another article that focus on the fundamentals of employee motivation, but from a different approach of applying praise and recognition as the main tools for realizing employee motivation. However, while praise and recognition are powerful tools used for employee motivation, the essential elements that must be applied to reinforce these tools include sincerity, specification and personalization of praise, so that the tools become fully effective in inspiring the employees (Nelson, 2013). Nevertheless, the effective tools of employee motivation cannot deliver any results, whenever the management team does not have sufficient s kills to motivate the employees. Therefore, the management should always operate on the basis of the principle that; â€Å"you get what you reward† (Nelson, 2013) p41. ... The application of this rule entails complementing the employees for all the good things that they have done for several times, before suggesting some improvement or even offering positive criticism, and most fundamentally, ensuring that both praise and criticism are not done in a single session. However, the most important thing is to realize that giving praise should be done as soon as the achievement has been made, or immediately â€Å"the desired behavior is displayed† (Nelson, 2013) p42. The application of positive reinforcement should always be treated as a matter of urgency, even necessitating the interruption of a meeting to give a complement where it is due, while reserving the discussion in great length, of the positive behavior or the achievement made, for a later date (Nelson, 2013). Another fundamental aspect of motivating employees through giving praise, is ensuring that the manager talks in specifics and addresses the accomplished employee directly, instead of a pplying generalities, while also drawing references on how the accomplishment or the positive behavior can help others (Musselwhite, 2011). Specifics give credibility to the praise given by the manager, while also going to great lengths to state, â€Å"exactly what was good about an employee’s behavior or achievement† (Nelson, 2013) p42. Humanizing and personalizing the complement is an essential step towards ensuring that the praise and recognition is received positively, while ensuring that it works towards boosting the morale of the employee involved. Considering that different employees respond differently to complements and praise, it is essential for the manager to take time to analyze the

1.Identify one method and critically evaluate it paying attention to Essay

1.Identify one method and critically evaluate it paying attention to the underlying theoretical underpinnings - Essay Example For instance, there are high chances that if the social workers are conscious about cultural issues there will also be high chances that they will offer competent services that are culture based and are likely to improve the quality of health care to various users of the service provided. Culture is a complex phenomenon and it requires the service providers to view themselves, local communities, their workmates and the settings of their employment from different angles. Social workers are often face difficulties in dealing with different cultural issues (Laird, 2008). Social workers ought to be accommodative to different cultural values of the service users and they must adopt a neutral position when they deal with people from various cultural backgrounds. There is need for them to respect the values of people from all backgrounds in order to be effective in the dispensation of their duties. There is need for the social workers to liberate themselves from cultural conditioning that emanates from professional as well as personal training so that they can develop their own world views based on experience which can help them develop sound interventions when dealing with groups from a diverse cultural background (Sue, 2006). In this assignment, I will focus on the model for cultural competence by Purnell as shown in the appendix. This model is primarily descriptive and it focuses on individuals, families, communities as well as the global community at large. The model is an amalgamation of different theories and it can guide through development of planning strategies, tools for assessment as well as personal interventions. This model was specifically designed to work as a framework that can be used to assess culture used across various disciplines as well as settings of practice. Whilst this model can provide an excellent guide to professionals, social workers may not have ample time to go through it. However, the social workers can gather a lot of information

How Nature Can Provide Sustainable Building Solutions

How Nature Can Provide Sustainable Building Solutions Contents (Jump to) Chapter 1: Introduction Section 1.1: Overview of the dissertation Section 1.2: The need for sustainable building solutions Section 1.3: Underlying principles and mechanisms Chapter 2:   Solutions from Nature Section 2.1: Wind-induced ventilation of the burrow of the prairie dog, Cynomys ludovicianus Section 2.2: Other notable investigations Chapter 3: Examples of Buildings that incorporate sustainable features derived from natural examples Chapter 4: Conclusions References Bibliography Chapter 1: Introduction Section 1.1: Overview of the dissertation This dissertation will focus on looking at how Nature can provide sustainable building solutions, in particular for wind-induced natural ventilation systems. The first part of the dissertation will look at the need for sustainable building solutions, in terms of the damage that has been, and continues to be, wrought on the Earth’s natural systems, and the possible solutions that can be found by studying how Nature has developed solutions to the problems of ventilations in burrows, and the need for gas exchange. The fact that Nature has produced these solutions is discussed as an event occurring over evolutionary time, through the process of natural selection. Subsequent sections of the dissertation discuss the physical principles that have been mastered by the process of evolution, such as the Bernoulli Principle and the Venturi effect, which has led to the appropriate, sustainable, solutions that are found in Nature. These principles are discussed in detail in Chapter 2, in terms of their appearance in natural systems: the burrows of the black-tailed prairie dog, Cynomys ludovicianus, the complex burrow and cone system of the mud shrimp Callianassa truncata and the burrow-mound system of the goby Valencennea longippinis which allows for increased gas exchange to the developing eggs in the burrow. The three examples are discussed in detail, in terms of the relevant literature and experimental studies that have been performed to determine how and why the animals produce such structures. Chapter 3 presents some examples of buildings that have applied solutions found from Nature to provide sustainable living spaces. Examples include, amongst others, several buildings designed by Eugene Tsui, such as the residence of Florence and William Tsui in Berkeley, California, the Watsu School at Harbin Hot Springs, the Exposition Building for the International Celebration of Innovation and the Tsui Design and Research Inc. Headquarters in Emeryville, California, and the the Kanak Cultural Centre in Noumea, New Caledonia designed by Renzo Piano. The dissertation concludes with Chapter 4, which presents some concluding remarks, concerning the fruitfulness of looking to Nature for ideas for sustainable building, for looking to Nature can prove a valuable exercise, for as Tsui, one of the great contemporary ‘organic’ architects states in his book Evolutionary Architecture: Nature as a Basis for Design, â€Å"Every great discovery that has marked the upward surge of humanity has been an insight into some profound aspect of natural phenomena. Every tool, every medicinal remedy, every scientific venture, every exploration of the physical and psychological world is a glimpse of the ineffable mind of nature a mind that has no beginning, no end, no dimension and no parameters; a mind that is compelled to create, produce, evolve, differentiate and regenerate with such perfection and thoroughness as to be the model for every human endeavour†. Section 1.2: The need for sustainable building solutions Mankind is slowly killing the Earth and its natural systems. We are living with unacceptable levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which is leading to increases in the greenhouse effect and widespread climate changes across the globe. These climate changes are causing problems for many systems, amongst them agriculture, making it much more difficult for those in sub-Saharan Africa, for example which is increasingly affected by drought and erratic rainfall patterns to be self-sufficient in terms of being able to grow enough crops to survive. Other experts predict changes in the circulation of ocean currents due to global warming, which is leading to a melting ice reserves and glaciers and causing far greater volumes of water to enter the ocean circulatory systems. Shifts in the circulation of ocean currents could have grave consequences for mankind. In addition to the problems created by increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, pollution of the Earth’s water system has occurred on a massive scale, with experts predicting potential future problems with supplies of non-polluted water that is suitable for human use. The Earth, the blue planet, full of water and previously perfectly balanced, is facing unprecedented onslaughts to its vital systems, due to the excessive, wasteful and polluting habits of mankind. What can be done about this? It is fundamental that legislation be put in place now to preserve the Earth and its systems, and that we begin to act, individually and collectively, to save the Earth and its resources that are of fundamental value to us. Sustainability is a fundamental concern for all of humankind, as the population of the Earth begin to realise that we only have one Earth and that it needs to be looked after. By listening more closely to, and taking lessons from, the Earth and the inhabitants we share the Earth with, we can begin to live much more harmoniously and in concert with not antagonistically with the Earth and its inhabitants. The construction, use and maintenance of buildings contributes significantly to adverse environmental impacts, such as carbon dioxide production, something that will only get worse as the population increases and the need for housing grows. Many recent regulations and conventions have already been put in place to ensure that sustainable building principles become the norm in future; for example, a recent convention has been signed to reduce the discharge of hazardous chemicals to zero by 2020, and, documents such as the 1999 policy document entitled A better quality of life – a strategy for sustainable development for the United Kingdom, provide targets for sustainability within the construction industry. As many contemporary architects realize, nature itself is fully harmonious, with all of its parts working in harmony with each other, from species interacting but co-existing in a habitat, on a small scale, to on a larger scale the ocean circulation systems working in harmony to deliver nourishing currents across the globe. This harmony has been violated by the actions of mankind, and, through mankind not recognizing and respecting this harmony, we have arrived at the situation we are in with the Earth and its systems and inhabitants being exposed to very real threats. It is perhaps time that architects begin to study Nature and her solutions in order to arrive at sustainable building solutions. As Tsui, one of the great contemporary ‘organic’ architects states in his book Evolutionary Architecture: Nature as a Basis for Design, â€Å"Every great discovery that has marked the upward surge of humanity has been an insight into some profound aspect of natural phenomena. Every tool, every medicinal remedy, every scientific venture, every exploration of the physical and psychological world is a glimpse of the ineffable mind of nature a mind that has no beginning, no end, no dimension and no parameters; a mind that is compelled to create, produce, evolve, differentiate and regenerate with such perfection and thoroughness as to be the model for every human endeavour†. Looking at the natural world for inspiration can be a valuable exercise. Subsequent sections of the dissertation will look at specific examples of wind-induced ventilation, from the black-tailed prairie dog, the mud shrimp and the goby. These examples will show how each of these animals has adapted their immediate environment fully in harmony to the immediate environment, to the benefit of themselves and to their wider community. The ideas of organic, or ‘evolutiionary’ architects, such as Tsui, are based on similar principles, that architects should start, on a wide scale, to look to nature for sustainable building solutions. Looking to Nature for answers to building problems should, argues, Tsui (1999) become part of an architects repertoire. As Tsui (1999) argues, Nature is not driven by ambition, it has no preconceptions, no concept of style, and her evolution has been through small patient incremental steps, only allowing the ‘correct’ ones to persist, where ‘correct’ means the solution that is most fitting for the particular situation, the solution that is sustainable, to allow in-situ permanence. As energy consumption and the by products from air conditioning are amongst the most significant contributors to the destruction of the Earth’s systems, the subject of this dissertation is to look for natural examples of wind-induced ventilation systems that could, potentially, be incorporated in practical solutions for the construction industry, in terms of finding sustainable building solutions. Although it is understood that understanding the mechanics of natures microclimate control will not provide any quick-fix solutions to cooling buildings, these natural examples achieve equilibrium with their surroundings that is far beyond the reach of mankind at this time and, as such, by studying these systems, they can be learnt from and their novelties applied in design and building practice. Looking to natural examples of wind-induced ventilation will, therefore, potentially provide solutions to heavily polluting air conditioning systems. Section 1.3: Underlying principles and mechanisms Many animals need to live in burrows or to produce burrows for protection from the elements, for example, or for protection from predation. As shall be seen in later sections of the dissertation, the need for such burrows means that some elegant solutions to the problems such burrows present (such as a lack of ventilation) have been reached, as in the case of the black-tailed prairie dog, and that the burrows themselves can create favourable micro-environments and favourable conditions for the larger habitat, as in the case of the complex burrow and cone systems of the mud shrimp. An implicit understanding, and mastery, of physical principles of nature has been built up by these species over evolutionary time. This section of the dissertation will discuss some of these physical principles, including the Bernoulli principle, the Venturi effect and the Venturi tube. The Bernoulli Principle states that â€Å"for an ideal fluid, with no work being performed on the fluid, an increase in velocity occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a change in the fluid’s gravitational potential energy†. Essentially, fluid particles are only subject to pressure and their own weight, meaning that within a flowing fluid, the highest speed occurs when the pressure is lowest and the lowest speed occurs when the pressure if highest, with Bernoulli’s equation stating that the sum of all forms of energy in a fluid flowing across a streamline is the same at any two points along the path. Bernoulli’s Principle explains how water drains from a bowl in a circular pattern around the axis of the drain and also explains how one feels pulled towards large vehicles if they pass by you at high speed. The Venturi effect is a specific example of the more general Bernoulli Principle, which explains how fluids can pass through a region of incompressible flow through a tube with a constriction in it, in which situation the velocity of the fluid increases through the restriction and the pressure decreases in order to satisfy the equation of continuity and to ensure the flowing of the fluid through the constricted space. It is on this principle, for example, that the burrows of the black-tailed prairie dog is thought to work, as shall be seen in Section 2.1 of the dissertation, with the volcano device for air acceleration being applicable to underground structures of every kind. A series of venting volcanoes could be aligned with underground rooms containing air-exiting vents to produce individually vented spaces. This phenomenon can be employed and rising warm air can be directed out exiting vents, as in the burrows of the prairie dog dwelling. It is thought that, by using the prairie dog system, air can be interchanged at a rate of 2550 cubic feet per minute with no utility power (Tsui 1999). The prairie dog mounds and volcanoes have been likened to a half Venturi tube where a Venturi tube is used to determine the flow-rate of fluids or air through a pipe. The Venturi tube has a specialized streamlined constriction that minimizes the energy losses in the fluid flowing through it and which, thus, maximizes the fall in pressure in the constriction in line with Bernoulli’s principle. These principles will be discussed in further detail in Chapter 2, in terms of their appearance in natural systems: the burrows of the black-tailed prairie dog, Cynomys ludovicianus, the complex burrow and cone system of the mud shrimp Callianassa truncata and the burrow-mound system of the goby Valencennea longippinis which allows for increased gas exchange to the developing eggs in the burrow. Chapter 2: Solutions from Nature Section 2.1: Wind-induced ventilation of the burrow of the prairie dog, Cynomys ludovicianus The black-tailed prairie dog, Cynomys ludovicianus, is a ground-dwelling squirrel, one of four prairie dog species to be found uniquely in North America. Black-tailed prairie dogs live in colonies, which are generally established in cattle-grazed areas, as the prairie dogs prefer the vegetation surrounding their burrows to be short, so they can keep an eye out for predators. The black-tailed prairie dogs live in burrows, with one principle tunnel and, depending on the size of the colony, various numbers of side chambers that act as overnight housing for the prairie dogs. Unfortunately, as with many other native species, habitat destruction is causing a drastic reduction in the number of black-tailed prairie dogs (Hoffman, 1999), with conservation efforts currently underway to stabilize the population numbers of the black-tailed prairie dog (see, for example, Andelt, 1988). As Vogel et al. (1973) argue, where a fluid flows across a surface for example wind over the earth – a velocity gradient is created which provides a potential source of work. This gradient might, for example, be employed by a burrowing animal to induce air-flow in its burrow, which is long and narrow to avoid the obvious risks presented by predators. The burrow of the black-tailed prairie dog, long and narrow as it is, being, on average, 12cm in diameter and 10-30m in length (Cincotta, 1989), presents what Vogel et al. (1973) term, â€Å"a respiratory dead-space of extraordinary magnitude in which diffusion is inadequate, alone, for gas exchange†. For this reason, the black-tailed prairie dog has evolved a system of burrowing which creates a system of wind-induced ventilation within the burrow. The burrow of the black-tailed prairie dog has an opening at both ends and mounds of earth at each end, of different sizes at each end, one taller than the other, and each mound being up to 1m in height and 2.5m in diameter (Cincotta, 1989). When a breeze hits the mounds, air enters the burrow through the lower mound and leaves through the end with the higher mound. This system of wind flow has been independently verified in wind tunnel experiments, with wind-flow within the burrow being a linear function of wind flow across the mounds. Interestingly, not only has the burrowing system of the black-tailed prairie dog been found to be an excellent example of wind-induced ventilation directly from nature, but the architecture of the burrows of the black-tailed prairie dogs encourages increased species diversity of arthropods (Bangert and Slobodchikoff, 2006). Later work (Cincotta, 1989) found that adequate airflow through the burrow can be generated with only one mound, and the presence of the second mound has been explained by various hypotheses, such as the prevention of predation (through its use as a look-out post), or the prevention of flooding. Cincotta (1989) argues that the two mounds (which are usually found shaped one as a dome and one as a crater) actually represent functionally identical structures that have simply been built under different constraints in transport costs (i.e., different costs of energy). Thus, the ventilation model of Vogel et al. (1973) does not, concludes Cincotta (1989) provide a fully adequate model of the observed mound construction, and including energetic parsimony within the equation explains why the prairie dogs build the two mounds (i.e., although only one mound is needed for the wind-induced ventilation system to work, it is an energy-saving measure, in such a long burrow, to remove earth from both ends of the burrow). Similarly to how supplemented straw is used to stabilize the soils used in adobe brick construction, the mounds of the black-tailed prairie dogs are stabilized with plant fibers found in the topsoil near the entrances to the burrows (McHenry and May, 1984). Using plant fibres in mixture with the excavated soils allows the black-tailed prairie dogs to build vertically and to use less energy (as less excavated soil is needed), replicating similar energy-saving practices in building adobe brick buildings (Boudreau, 1971). Section 2.2: Other notable investigations Nature has provided engineers and architects with many examples of sustainable technologies. Animals do not have to resort to damaging the environment to be able to survive within their habitat; they fit, harmoniously, within that habitat, in balance with the physical conditions and with the other species that share the same habitat. This section will discuss some other examples, from nature, of how animals have evolved to cope with their surroundings in an optimal manner. The mud shrimp, Callianassa truncata, has been studied in the Tyrrhenian Sea and has been found to produce complex cones and burrow systems which affect the physical structure of the sea bed, and, concomitantly, the chemical zonations and the exchange processes across the sediment-water interface (Ziebis et al., 1996a; Boudreau, 1994). The mud shrimp builds these cones, therefore, to modify their immediate micro-environment by forming chemical links between the sea and the sediment. Adjacent to each cone is a shallow depression which acts to funnel water in to the cone system, and which means that oxygen, instead of penetrating only a few millimeters in to the sea bed, actually penetrates more than 50cm down, allowing oxygen-breathing animals to live in the holes (Ziebis et al., 1996a). The cones that are built by the mud shrimps are outlets for the tunnels, re-routing ammonia from buried sediment to the water above; this ammonia flow helps to nourish the sea water, providing more nourishment for phytoplankton, for example, and so the entire food chain benefits from the cone-building of the mud shrimp (Ziebis et al., 1996a). Similarly to how the complex architecture of the black-tailed prairie dogs provides opportunities for increased species diversity, the cone-building habits of the mud shrimp provides greater nourishment for those species that share its habitat. As Ziebis (1996a) herself stated, â€Å"it is a source of wonder that these relatively small animals can build such complex burrow structures and complex architecture†. Zeibis et al. (1996b) concluded, therefore, that the complex cone and burrow systems of the mud shrimp alters the small-scale flow regime, altering the shrimps own micro-habitat whilst also providing benefits to the wider community, so much so that it was concluded that, â€Å"the high spatial and temporal variability of oxygen distribution in a coastal sea bed depends on sediment surface topography (as formed by Callianassa truncata)† and the concomitant changes in boundary layer flow velocity and sediment permeability. Takegaki and Nakazono (2000) examined the role of the mounds in promoting water exchange in the egg tendering burrows of the goby Valencennea longippinis. Valencennea longippinis spawns in burrows and after spawning, the female constructs a mound on top of the burrow by piling up materials derived from the substratum. Experiments by Takegaki and Nakazono (2000) showed that the mounds promote water-exchange in the burrow allowing the exchange of oxygenated sea water to the developing gobies within the burrow, with dissolved oxygen concentrations being much higher in burrows with a mound than in burrows without a mound. The construction of a mound on top of the developing eggs thus not only protects the eggs from potential predators but also has an important role to play in delivering oxygen to the developing gobies within the burrow. These are but two further examples of how nature has evolved practical, sustainable, solutions to the problems presented by the immediate environment. The solutions formed can be extremely useful to engineers and architects who are wanting to design buildings on sustainable principles. As Thomas Herzog states in his book Architectural Designs Green Questionnaire, â€Å"In general I do not think that architecture can be deduced immediately from nature, since the design process and functions of our buildings are quite different from what is found in most plants and animals. Nevertheless, there are a lot of lessons to be learnt from nature, especially with regards to the efficiency, performance, adaptability, variety and tremendous beauty which most organisms display under close observation. Considering that nature has to obey the same physical laws as man-made objects this should be seen as very encouraging for us, making it well worthwhile to study its principles and mechanisms†. Chapter 3: Examples of Buildings that incorporate sustainable features derived from natural examples This Chapter presents some examples of buildings that have applied solutions found from Nature to provide sustainable living spaces. Examples include, amongst others, several buildings designed by Eugene Tsui, such as the residence of Florence and William Tsui in Berkeley, California, the Watsu School at Harbin Hot Springs, the Exposition Building for the International Celebration of Innovation and the Tsui Design and Research Inc. Headquarters in Emeryville, California, and the the Kanak Cultural Centre in Noumea, New Caledonia designed by Renzo Piano. The residence of Florence and William Tsui in Berkeley, California, designed by Eugene Tsui, is based, in its entirety on the tardigrade, which is known to be one of the world’s ‘most durable’ animals and which has systems inbuilt to ensure protection against flooding, fire and termite attack, amongst other things (Tsui, 2007). The house is fitted with a solar heating system and with a natural ventilation system that keeps it cool in summer and warm in the cooler months (Tsui, 2007). The house is, essentially, a living system that is capable of actively responding to any external conditions, with water systems in place that are designed to provide cooling and heating and which were based on the capillary structures of dinosaur species which allowed dinosaurs to regulate their own body temperatures (Tsui, 2007). The Florence and William Tsui residence is a notable application of the Bernoulli Principle, as it employs the Bernoulli effect in adjustable vents, which not only draw in fresh air, without the requirement for mechanical power, but also provide natural light and claimed to be inexpensive to apply (Tsui, 2007). Nostril windows pull out from the wall to let air in, using the Bernoulli effect, where air is sucked in through the open shaft and through the screened tube, which lets air in and keeps insects out. (Tsui, 2007) Tsui notes in his book Evolutionary Architecture, Nature as a Basis for Design that this facet of the design of this building was inspired by such natural examples as the prairie dog burrows. Also designed by Eugene Tsui, the Watsu School at Harbin Hot Springs is, again, a totally sustainable building, with solar-powered panels and movements of cold water around the building allowing for the natural ventilation of the building. The spherical shape of the buildings also allows for wind flow to cool the buildings, as a whole. The Tsui Design and Research Inc. Headquarters in Emeryville, California, another Eugene Tsui design, is also a totally sustainable building, incorporating natural ventilation systems based on the prairie dog burrows; the building is totally self-sufficient and uses plant life for interior temperature control, with a retractable roof allowing for the entrance of cool air, if necessary. Water is collected from the roof and used for all of the buildings needs; the integrated water system is seen, by Eugene Tsui, as an example of architecture as a living organism. Another architect whose interest lies in evolutionary, or, better, ‘organic’ architecture is Renzo Piano who designed the Kanak Cultural Centre in Noumea, New Caledonia. This building is a synthesis of nature and technology, reflecting the Kanak people’s understanding of the harmony of life and of Nature. As Piano states, â€Å" (I wanted)†¦an architecture that genuinely expresses itself between the assertion of the old, reliable values and the exploration of the new in the spirit of time† (Young, 2007). Piano’s aim for the building was to present an architectural masterpiece based on â€Å"finding the gestait† of the Kanak people and the site, through a full understanding of the Kanak people, their history and cultural traditions (Young, 2007). Aside from showing cultural respect in the design and form of designing this building, and thus fitting in to its intended environment well, the Kanak Cultural Centre in Noumea, New Caledonia also shows a wide range of natural ventilation systems. The faà §ade of the building is a double skin which provides a large air space between the woodwork and the galleries, forming a stack effect which, during the day, means hot air rises out of the space while cool air is drawn in to replace it; the cooler air then passes around the building at lower elevations, flowing out towards the lagoon at the side of the building (Young, 2007); in this way, the building ‘breathes’ with its environment, as a function of the environment in which it sits. Skylights set in the roof of the building allow for the entry of cool air, as necessary, and the interaction of all these ventilation systems allows the building to â€Å"find a continuous balance with Nature† (Young, 2007). Examples such as these buildings, and others that could be mentioned, show how it is possible to study Nature and to study the solutions provided by the process of natural selection over many generations, to enlighten sustainable building projects. That buildings can be built, for only slightly more cost than non-sustainable buildings, to act in harmony with Nature and to produce architecture that acts as a living organism is a beautiful vision. This vision of Tsui’s, as presented in his book Evolutionary Architecture, Nature as a Basis for Design, and in his many other writings, speeches and in his designs for, and his actual buildings is a beautiful vision, of mankind being given the ability to live in concert, not antagonistically with, Nature. As has to be realized, however, whilst Nature can be used as inspiration, the implications of scale need to be considered, in terms of the fact that solutions from Nature cannot simply be scaled-up in order to suit the particular needs of the built environment. The solutions need to be tailored, according to the particular situation, within the particular knowledge of the architect, as the implications of scale have a significant impact on the actual design of a building. Due to the implications of scale, solutions from Nature can never be directly copied, but need to be adapted as necessary to the particular situation in hand. The Bernoulli Principle and the Venturi effect can, however, when implemented successfully, be used to great effect in terms of producing architecture that is at once beautiful and fully at harmony with Nature, as a ‘living organism’ as in Tsui’s vision of evolutionary architecture. Chapter 4: Conclusions Green Architecture is the major architectural movement of our time. As has been seen, the ecological damage caused by buildings (through their heating and air conditioning systems, for example, or their use of unsustainable materials) can be recorded in real figures, in terms of the amount of carbon dioxide a building produces in terms of how much a building contributes to global warming. As has been seen, there are many pressures on architects, and on the construction industry as a whole, to produce sustainable buildings. This will only continue to increase in the future and so architects, such as Eugene Tsui, with their visions of buildings as living organisms, living and breathing in harmony with their environment are not so far-fetched. Mankind has become detached from his surroundings, and this detachment has meant that the Earth, and its natural systems have been abused, almost to the point of no return. As has been shown in this dissertation, the process of natural selection h as led animals to find, over evolutionary time, sustainable solutions to problems that the environment presents to them. Evolutionary architecture, as Tsui labels his brand of architecture, is an attempt to recreate this harmony and to offer to mankind a different vision of the built world. Studying natural phenomena, such as the burrows of the black-tailed prairie dog, Cynomys ludovicianus, the complex burrow and cone system of the mud shrimp Callianassa truncata and the burrow-mound system of the goby Valencennea longippinis which allows for increased gas exchange to the developing eggs in the burrow, as has been conducted in this dissertation allows architects to ‘think outside the box’ and to find alternative solutions to designing in a sustainable manner. This dissertation has aimed to show how looking to Nature can provide sustainable building solutions, using the particular example of wind-induced natural ventilation. That many of the natural solutions to this problem have been successfully incorporated in to many buildings, as discussed in Chapter 3 (i.e., the residence of Florence and William Tsui in Berkeley, California, the Watsu School at Harbin Hot Springs, the Exposition Building for the International Celebration of Innovation and the Tsui Des ign and Research Inc. Headquarters in Emeryville, California, and the the Kanak Cultural Centre in Noumea, New Caledonia designed by Renzo Piano), shows that the idea of adapting solutions from Nature is workable, if only we can take

Recent Changes in Indian Capital Markets

Recent changes in Indian Capital markets Introduction A capital market is a market for securities (debt or equity), where business enterprises (companies) and governments can raise long-term funds. It is defined as a market in which money is provided for periods longer than a year, as the raising of short-term funds takes place on other markets (e. g. , the money market). The capital market includes the stock market (equity securities) and the bond market (debt).Money markets and capital markets are parts of financial markets. Financial regulators, such as the UK's Financial Services Authority (FSA) or the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), oversee the capital markets in their designated jurisdictions to ensure that investors are protected against fraud, among other duties. Capital markets may be classified as primary markets and secondary markets. In primary markets, new stock or bond issues are sold to investors via a mechanism known as underwriting.In the secondary ma rkets, existing securities are sold and bought among investors or traders, usually on a securities exchange, over-the-counter, or elsewhere. The primary market is the channel for creation of new securities. These securities are issued by public limited companies or by government agencies’ In the primary market, the resources are mobilized either through the public issue or through private placement route. It is a public issue if anybody and everybody can subscribe for it, whereas if the issue is made available to a selected group of persons it is termed as private placement.There are two major types of issuers of securities, the corporate entities who issue mainly debt and equity instruments and the Government (Central as well as State) who issue debt securities. These new securities issued in the primary market are traded in the secondary market. The secondary market enables participants who hold securities to adjust their holdings in response to changes in their assessment of risks and returns. Industry raises finance from the Indian capital market with the help of a number of instruments. Corporate have a choice of : – (1) Equity finance, and 2) Debt finance. Experience in the different countries has varied. Substituting equity finance for debt finance makes domestic firms less vulnerable to fluctuations in earnings or increases in interest rates. During the last decade, more than a third of the increase in net assets of large firms in Chile, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Taiwan and Thailand has been secured through equity issuance. This pattern contrasts sharply with that of the industrial countries, in which equity financing during the same period has accounted for less than 5 percent of the growth in net assets.The recent massive structural reforms on the economic and industry front in the form of de-licensing rupee convertibility, tapping of foreign funds, allowing foreign investors to come to India, have resulted, on one hand, in the qua ntum leap in activities/volume in the Indian capital market, and on the other hand and more importantly, that the Indian capital market has undergone a metamorphosis in terms of institutions, instruments, etc. The capital market in India is rightly termed as an emerging and promising capital market.The buoyancy in the capital market has appeared as a result of increasing industrialization, growing awareness globalization of the capital market, etc. Several financial institutions, financial instruments and financial services have emerged as a result of economic liberalization policy of the Government of India. Future of the capital market In the liberalized economic environment, the capital market is all set to play a highly critical role in the process of economic development.The Indian capital market has to arrange funds to meet the financial needs of both domestic and foreign resources. What is more critical is that the changed environment is characterized by cutthroat competition . Ability of enterprises to mobilize funds at cheap cost will determine their competitiveness vis-a-vis their rivals. Changes in the capital market Four sets of changes in the Indian capital market can be identified which set the market of the twenty-first century different from what obtained earlier.These can be categorized as follows:  »Introduction of new institutions  »Introduction of new instruments  »Changes in administrative control and regulatory framework  »Some recent initiatives Introduction of New Institutions The composition of the Indian capital market has undergone a total change. Till very recent times, Bombay Stock Exchange dominated the capital market in India. The daily turnover on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) alone exceeded the total turnover of all other exchanges put together.The BSE with the monopolistic claw like control over the market was posing a severe constraint on the spread and diversification of the capital market culture. It was content wi th practicing non-transparent time and resource consuming trading practices that failed to evoke confidence among new investors, both in primary and secondary market. Its trading practices were becoming somewhat totally out of tune with the ongoing communication revolution in India and worldwide. In response to this, the most important are the OTCEI and NSE.What is more important is that the NSE has worked as a catalyst of change for other exchanges, which are introducing on-line trading systems. Along with NSE, mutual funds have also emerged in the country. Different types of mutual funds catering to the needs of different types of investors have been set up in the country. The increasing growth of the capital market has witnessed the mergence of foreign institutional investors (FIIs) as significant players. Their sale and purchase decisions are already having a significant impact on the market conditions.Along with these new players, a set of new supporting institutions have also emerged on the horizon such as the Discount and Finance House of India, Securities Trading Corporation of India, Stock Holding Corporation of India, settlement and depository systems, etc. Introduction of New Instruments Capital market instruments are responsible for generating funds for companies, corporations and sometimes national governments. These are used by the investors to make a profit out of their respective markets. There are a number of capital market instruments used for market trade, including – * Stocks Bonds * Debentures * Treasury-bills * Foreign Exchange * Fixed deposits, and others Along with new institutions, new instruments have emerged on the capital market. These encompass both the domestic instruments and foreign instruments. Many new instruments of finance have already been introduced in recent years. Still, the current intensity of the Indian financial market reveals that there is a tremendous scope to deploy new financing instruments connected to eq uity, debentures, bonds, add-on products and derivatives.This may require appropriate changes in certain economic legislations and the will on the part of the Indian corporate enterprises to take risks and tune their decision-making to the investor psychology and market preferences. Changes in Rules and Regulations Responding to the changes in the environment, the administrative framework has also undergone a total overhaul. The earlier chains have been totally removed. The Controller of Capital Issues has been done away with. The Indian capital market has been left free to find its own depth and strength.However, it is a paradox of a free market economy that whenever chains are removed effective watchdogs have to be employed. This latter function has now been entrusted to the Securities and Exchange Board of India. Under the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was formed as an autonomous body empowered to regulate the stock exchanges, brokers, merchant bankers, mutual funds, underwriters and various other financial advisors and market intermediaries.The two pronged fundamental objectives of SEBI became investor protection and the orderly growth of the Indian Capital Market. The SEBI has been laying down guidelines to be followed by different players in the different segments of the market. Some Recent Initiatives  »Buy-back of shares by corporate has been permitted; this will enable the promoters of Indian companies to consolidate their positions.  »Disclosure of end use of funds raised in public issue in annual statements; it will impart transparency to the manner in which the funds raised from the public are deployed.This will also impose greater accountability on companies.  »One-time waiver of capital gains tax for corporatization of stock broking tickets; this will result in speeding up the pace of professionalization of stock broking operations, which will benefit investors.  »Provi sion of nomination facility in share certificates; this will ease procedures for transfer of shares in the names of the nominee in case of death of the shareholder. In short, the capital market has witnessed metamorphic changes in recent past and is all set to meet the varied needs of the changed liberalized economic environment.Globalization and the Indian capital market With the gradual opening up of the Indian economy, increasing importance of foreign portfolio investment in the Indian markets and drastic reduction in import tariffs that has exposed Indian companies to foreign competition, Indian capital market is acquiring a global image. Till recently, participants in the Indian capital market could largely afford to ignore what happened in other parts of the world. Share prices largely behaved as if the rest of the world just did not exist.At present, in sharp contrast to recent past, Indian capital market responds to all types of external developments, like US bond yields, th e value of the peso or for that matter of any other currency, the political situation in China, or new petrochemical capacity in South Korea, etc. In short, the Indian capital market is on threshold of a new era. Gradual globalization of the market will mean four things, as follows:  »The market will be more sensitive to developments that take place abroad. There will be a power shift as domestic institutions are forced to compete with the FIIs who control the floating stock and are in control of the GDR market.  »Structural issues will come to the fore with a plain message: reform or despair.  »The individual investor in his own interest will refrain from both primary and secondary market; he will be better off investing in mutual funds. Reference http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Capital_market http://www. bostonapartments. com/loans/finance/indian-capital-market. html http://www. advancedtrading. com/infrastructure/227500220? pgno=1